Status Of Use Of Ict By Secondary School Students Of Nepal...

Status of Use of ICT by Secondary School Students of Nepal Dirgha Raj Joshi Research Scholar Faculty of Education Banaras Hindu University, India Abstract Information and communication technology (ICT) is most important part of modern education system. It is highly beneficial for the improvement of students several aspect of knowledge, skill and attitudes. The study focused in use of ICT with respect to students of class nine and ten from secondary schools of Kathmandu, Nepal. Responses of 106 students were taken and data has analyzed by percentage and Mann Whitney U test. It was found that most of the students of that level are weakly using technology and public school students were poorer in several measured items even boys and girl students were not differ in the use of ICT. It is important to accomplish so many properties by several stakeholders for proper use of it in their learning. Key words: information and communication technology, Use of ICT 1. Introduction Information and communication technology (ICT) is modern conception in the field of education. It makes easy to understand new concepts, knowledge, skill related to daily life circumstances. Education system has been affected by technology (Adu Olatundun, 2013). New technologies challenge the traditional conceptions and ensure new concepts in teaching learning process. So use of ICT in learning has typical role for students’ motivation and learning. Developed country has good practice in the field ofShow MoreRelatedProspects Ict in Bangladesh5251 Words   |  22 PagesICT-Driven Knowledge Economy in Bangladesh 1. Introduction Information and Communication Technologies (herein referred to as ICT) consist of hardware, software, networks, and media for collection, storage, processing transmission, and presentation of information in the form of voice, data, text, and images. They range from the telephone, radio and television to the Internet (World Bank 2003a, and 2003b). Today’s economy depends on the increased flow of ideas and information across firmsRead MoreMarking System Is Better Than Grading System17277 Words   |  70 Pagesconsensus that grading (many organisations use the term ‘awarding’) is the process of converting raw marks for components into component and subject grades. In the traditional examination cycle, grading is one step in the qualifications delivery process. In common with other UK regulators and awarding bodies, the principles underpinning SQA grading are founded in case law and informed by developments in psychometrics and ICT. Given its unique national status, SQA and its forerunners have been able toRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pagesinvestors, VCs and PE funds are beginning to become more active, particularly in knowledge-intensive sectors, and need incentives for greater involvement. To create incentives for seed capital funding, some steps include the following: establishing a secondary market for smaller companies, creating new instruments for start-up funding and providing ï ¬ nancial literacy to start-ups. Synergies between Education (including modern vocational education training/skill development), Innovation (converting ideas

Hp Compaq Essay - 672 Words

Question 1 Using a SWOT analysis, identify the key strategic fits between the two companies. What are the most important expected synergies? Strength Weakness ï  · Ability to serve customers at lower cost ï  · Compaq was a significant player in enterprise systems and HP in IT services business ï  · Wider spectrum of products for its clients through the merger ï  · Strong brand recognition, something that takes time to build ï  · Highly complimentary RD ï  · Overlapping management ï  · Overlapping product lines ï  · Diluted interests in imaging and printing which were traditionally HP’s strengths Opportunity Threat ï  · The next IBM? (HP was looking to expand its services business through both organic and inorganic channels) ï  · Compaq was the market†¦show more content†¦The expected cost synergies (as announced by HP) are approximately $2.5 billion . This amounts to approximately $0.83 per share in the merged firm. The market value of Compaq at the time was approximately $21 billion pre-merger announcement, meaning that a reasonable price for Compaq should be $23.5 billion. So the final exchange ratio price of $25 billion includes a premium of 6.3% or $1.5 billion. Considering that the PC market had matured and was faced with increasing competition with price undercutting by competitors, the price offered by HP seems rather optimistic. (Refer to HP-Compaq key note slides) ï  · One of the assumptions is the P/E of 15x to 25x. Is this justified? 0 ï  · Is the discount rate of 15% justified? (Look at the back and use beta to calculate). If you calculate it, it seems reasonable. (Beta for HP is 1.5 and 15% discount rate is viable) ï  · Revenue loss of $4.1 billion. Where could this come from? ANS: Overlapping businesses and cannibalisation of products and hence natural revenue loss. Question 3 (exhibit 5 – 7 ) Conduct a simple valuation of Compaq. Does your valuation differ significantly from the HP offer price and why? Do you think the offer price is appropriate? Brief background of Compaq: Founded in 1982 its primary strengths are in innovation and its low cost structure of its products which compete with Dell. Its primary business divisions are commercial and consumer PCs, enterprise computing and global services. ItsShow MoreRelatedHp and Compaq Merger3801 Words   |  16 PagesUniversity November 6, 2011 Hewlett- Packard Company, referred to as HP, is an American multinational information technology company. Its headquarters is based in California USA. The company was founded in 1939 built in a Palo Alto garage by Bill Hewlett and David Packard and is now one of the world’s largest information technology companies operating worldwide in almost every country. It has 87,000 employees in 120 countries. HP specializes in developing, manufacturing computing, data storage, andRead MoreAnalysis of Merger Between Hp and Compaq2687 Words   |  11 PagesContents Abstract 1 Key words: merger HP Compaq synergy 1 1.Introduction of the case 1 1.1 The Hewlett-Packard Company 1 1.2 The Compaq Company 2 1.3 Motives 2 1.3.1 Strategic motives 2 1.3.2 Financial motives 3 Operating Synergy (mainly from cost savings) 3 Contribution Margin 3 2.HP’s Concerns 4 2.1 Business portfolio 4 2.2 Strategic problems 4 2.3 Financial impacts 4 2.4 Integration risk 5 3.Analysis and solutions 5 3.1 Stand-alone valuation 5 3.2 Synergy valuation 6 3.3 PremiumRead MoreBeating Dell: Why Hp Acquired Compaq773 Words   |  4 PagesBeating Dell: Why HP Acquired Compaq In 2001, Hewlett-Packard (now HP) shocked the business world when its former CEO, Carly Fiorina, announced that rival computer-maker Compaq had agreed to be acquired by HP. The announcement came at the end of a year in which slumping demand and strong competition from Dell had buffeted both companies. The merged company would have annual revenues of about $87.4 billion, putting it in the same league as IBM, and would be able to provide customers with a full rangeRead MoreMy Strenght and Weaknesses as a Leader1399 Words   |  6 Pagesand CEO of Hewlett-Packard Company - the first woman CEO of a Fortune 20 company. She was given a mandate by HP’s board of directors to â€Å"shake things up† and was later named the Most Powerful Woman in Business by Fortune magazine. Prior to joining HP, Fiorina spent nearly twenty years at ATT and Lucent Technologies, where she held a number of senior leadership positions (Cara Carleton Fiorina. (2014). In 1999, Hewlett-Packard hired Carly Fiorina, former senior executive of Lucent TechnologiesRead MoreCompany History of Hp1927 Words   |  8 Pagespart-time work in a garage with $538 in working capital. Bill s study of negative feedback results in HP s first product the resistance-capacitance audio oscillator (HP 200A), an electronic instrument used to test sound equipment. The 40s HP ´s products won excellent acceptance among engineers and scientists. Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard create a management style that forms the basis of HP s famously open corporate culture and influences. They run the company according to the principleRead MoreMerger Of Hewlett Packard Company1413 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION The paper will examine the merger of Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE:HPQ) and Compaq Computer Corporation in 2001. The following key issues will be examined: -reasons for the merger -reasons against the merger -assessment of the performance of the consolidated company since the merger completion. BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANIES Hewlett-Packard (HP) is a leading technology solutions provider for both consumers and businesses. â€Å"We invent, engineer and deliver technology solutions that driveRead MoreMy First International Conference On Innovation And Outsourcing1046 Words   |  5 Pagesand when possible. HP Acquires Compaq Case – Competitive Considerations As discussed in our lecture, development of new technology is impeded without sufficient and appropriate support in intensity of competition. Fear of losing to a competitor led Hewlett-Packard acquire a peer company like Compaq. Carly Fiorina, after becoming the Chief Executive of HP believed that HP had become sluggish and less productive over the years. She decided to merge HP and Compaq. Both HP and Compaq suffered risks likeRead MoreCase Study : Crushing The Crackberry1414 Words   |  6 PagesCompany, or HP as it was known, was one of Silicon Valley’s most respected technology companies. Its founders, Stanford classmates David Packard and William Hewlett, created their partnership in 1939 and built a worldwide computer colossus. Both Hewlett and Packard, after they retired, became well known as philanthropists. The hugely successful company was built on a platform of innovative competence, an understated public profile and high moral fiber. All that began to change in 19 99. HP stunned theRead MoreDell Case Study2325 Words   |  10 Pagesneeds. Dell has been on a steady momentum of growth market wise and financially since 1997 when the sales reached $1 million. In 1999, Dell overtook Compaq to become the largest seller of PC in US with $25 billion in revenue reported in January 2000. With the intense competition from other major competitor like IBM (Lenovo), Compaq and Hewlett-Packard (HP), Dell must be able to answer some questions to be able to compete in the market place. How Dell was positioned their product to other competitorsRead MoreAccounting-Pest Analysis-Political1721 Words   |  7 Pagesand acquisition strategy between HP and Compaq, members of the IT and electronics industry all over the world were threatened with the intensified effort that could result from the integration. Others were surprised because mergers and acquisition strategies may also result to negative implications on the part of the merging companies particularly whe n differences in the context of strategies, culture and goals fail to be fully integrated. Economic For HP and Compaq, the merger will increase the

Business Planet and Society

Question: Discuss about the Business Planet and Society. Answer: Introduction Mainly five types of capitals model give a source for thoughtful sustainability about the concept of economy. Any company or organization go with this five types of capital model to transport its goods or services. The five types of capitals are Natural capital, financial capital manufactured capital, Human capital Social capital and. A maintainable organization or a company will preserve and where it is probable to improve the frameworks of capital resources, rather than it will reduce or damage them. The ideal agrees with the business to extend its thoughtful sustainability of finance by agreeing on business to deliberate how extensive social and environmental can consequence long-term success. Natural Capital Mainly Natural capital referred to an ecological capital or an environmental capital for an organization. Natural resources like material and energy, and the procedures required for an organization, to produce their goods transport their services. This contains bowls that engross, recycle wastes or neutralize assets like ocean, forests etc. the capital stock may depend on the particular ecological system (Goodwin, 2003). It performed a role in economically creative development. This conversation was appearance of a dissimilar discipline about ecology. Some ecologically creative procedure playing a role on capital stock. If we look beyond there is are economic margin and the point of ecology it is a slight and temporary view of the economy. Sustenance many types of animal and plant life it is a factor of a creative system of ecology. It is very necessary to clean Air, water, replant the tree, save forest which supports us as a natural capital (Lubk, 2016). An environmental impression and some step on natural capital trusted by all organizations. They created the access and consume energy. Our environment and related all things are very special to us so that it needs to be awake to limited use of the natural environment by all organization. Additional naturally rare materials with those are more plentiful. Protect ecosystem and also biodiversity. Financial Capital The capital stock also regarded as a money that can be invested to produce something in some particular moment. It is very least to produce for an owner he needs more money. There for we would mention it in the place of financial capital (Pacetti et al., 2017). We have to pay efforts before we can get a return from the output in most of the manufacture processes. Before starting a business we need to follow some procedure like hire employee, rent a building, many tools regarding business, the store house for of materials and supplies. The students should pay in advance for their textbook and the salary may increase to gain the education. In an international dealings financial capital using with great deals. An intangible resources Value always in place of its brand and its status. Their economic value is an environmental Internalize, transfer and social cost. Business control and risk on effective managing are issued. To improve the final capital the positive stance, issues of sustai nability and management can demonstrate (Torricelli and Chiara, 2017). Manufactured Capital Manufactured capital related to goods of material and set up owned, measured or hired by a group which service delivery and contribute to manufacturing. The main things of manufactured capital are the component of infrastructures like communication, transport of network, buildings, and technologies like many tools and machine need in engineering and IT. A Manufactured capital is so important for an organization (Weak Sustainability versus Strong Sustainability, 2015). To make flexible to an organization enable the use of manufactured capital is efficient. Most professionally resources using in the way of technologies, procedures, and infrastructure. They need to Flexible manufacturing systems. Human Capital Human capital includes about to healthy, intelligent outputs, services, inspiration, an ability for relationships of the separate, and passion, sympathy joy, sanctity also in human capital. An organization needs healthy and they depend on persons. Increasing Knowledge and Intellectual capital are known such as a way of wealths imperceptible maker(CAPITALS, 2017). Labour rights, health compromising, and security are damaging the human capital and reputational costs. I am able to work with the computer, it is my individual creative abilities. This ability depends on not only my education, or training or knowledge but also it includes energy level, well behave and also depend on my mental and physical health. Social Capital By the organization of partnership, relationships human and co-operation activities of social capital have economic output like communication channels, communities, trade unions, voluntary organizations, schools, businesses, along with trust value and social slandered (Stern, 1997). To complete their objectives the organization trust on social relations and connections. It is most frequently used to mention to features of a society that inspire to collaboration among people like manager and workers their dependent and joint efforts help to achieve the common goal. Social capital looks like other procedures of capital that make a service that improves the output available from other efforts, without himself being used awake in the procedure of creation. Educations advise the strong standards of interchange main people to help and believe one another. Conclusion Through this research, it has been stated that above five capital of the business is needed to growing up an organization. Here all five capitals are corresponding to each other for developing a business. The capitals characterize the value of store which can build up a business and run the procedure of goods and service. If the organization maintaining this capital as they will create a value in future. References CAPITALS. (2017).Integrated Reporting. [online] Available at: https://integratedreporting.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/IR-Background-Paper-Capitals.pdf [Accessed 14 Apr. 2017]. Goodwin, N. (2003). Five Kinds of Capital: Useful Concepts for Sustainable Development.GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE WORKING PAPER. [online] Available at: https://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/publications/working_papers/03-07sustainabledevelopment.PDF [Accessed 14 Apr. 2017]. Lubk, C. (2016). The Concept of Sustainability and Its Application to Labor Market Policy. [online] Available at: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xut0DQAAQBAJpg=PA220lpg=PA220dq=Five+Kinds+of+Capital:+Useful+Concepts+for+Sustainable+Development+pdfsource=blots=RFgUD11fVpsig=tUdopW0yLxFCjXz7udxiEftpYRohl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwi80submKTTAhXJO48KHQWZB8MQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepageq=Five%20Kinds%20of%20Capital%3A%20Useful%20Concepts%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20pdff=false [Accessed 14 Apr. 2017]. Pacetti, M., Passerini, G., Brebbia, C. and Latini, G. (2017). The Sustainable City VII: Urban Regeneration and Sustainability. [online] Available at: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=wmk3mCrMDTQCpg=PA586lpg=PA586dq=Five+Kinds+of+Capital:+Useful+Concepts+for+Sustainable+Development+pdfsource=blots=YvjQ-hDKxLsig=PLEZ-Oh0Jkc86FyxsHUTDAWMd7shl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjJ-beOmaTTAhUGPY8KHSrCCsM4ChDoAQg3MAY#v=onepageq=Five%20Kinds%20of%20Capital%3A%20Useful%20Concepts%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20pdff=false [Accessed 14 Apr. 2017]. Stern, D. (1997). The capital theory approach to sustainability.Journal of Economic Issues. [online] Available at: https://www.sterndavidi.com/Publications/JEI1997.pdf [Accessed 14 Apr. 2017]. Torricelli, and Chiara, M. (2017). ES-LCA e patrimonio naturale.Useful concepts for sustainable development. [online] Available at: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=af2UCgAAQBAJpg=PA41lpg=PA41dq=Five+Kinds+of+Capital:+Useful+Concepts+for+Sustainable+Development+pdfsource=blots=11FjKxGKKfsig=-pwEETYCE5MV5DLJNhqgla3vBc4hl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjJ-beOmaTTAhUGPY8KHSrCCsM4ChDoAQhBMAk#v=onepageq=Five%20Kinds%20of%20Capital%3A%20Useful%20Concepts%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20pdff=false [Accessed 14 Apr. 2017]. Weak Sustainability versus Strong Sustainability. (2015).Brief for GSDR 2015. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/6569122-Pelenc-Weak%20Sustainability%20versus%20Strong%20Sustainability.pdf [Accessed 14 Apr. 2017].

Yellow Earth Essay Example

Yellow Earth Paper According to the New York State Writers Institute Yellow Earth has swiped away viewers of almost every nationality. The burst of Yellow Earth in the Chinese culture surpassed any film before made by any Japanese arena. It meant future hope for cinematographers like Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige which have enthralled cinemagoers with works like Red Sorghum and Farewell, My Concubine. As with other trailblazers, the Fifth Generation needed a breakthrough movie to bring them to the attention of viewers at home and abroad. This new era of filming color and graphics for the viewers back in 1984 was a smashing hit for the Chinese community. It brought a new way of thinking for many up to now film makers which back in those days visualization in films was not an option. As of 1984 and after the making of Yellow Earth there was great propaganda for Chinese films, specifically filmed and produced by Zhang and Chen who established themselves at the forefront of world cinema surpassing Japanese films because of their unique way and avenues to new ways of making film. This has made Chinese cinema since 1949 the state propaganda machine. We will write a custom essay sample on Yellow Earth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Yellow Earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Yellow Earth specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Yellow Earth, which is set in 1939, centers on the relationship between Gu Qing, a member of the Eighth Route Army, and a peasant family. Gu comes to the village to compile a collection of folk songs; he meets the young Cuiqiao and her family. She is due to enter into an arranged marriage, which terrifies her. She is inspired by Gus stories of girls fighting in the army; she asks him whether she can follow him back to Yanan. While she awaits his return, she is forced to marry her appointed groom. She decides to try to join an army unit that is camping on the other side of the Yellow River. The relationship between the people who live and love this land, the party of soldiers and the land; giving the film its title of Yellow Earth. This is a Maoist revolutionary thought. The people from china struggle against the hardships of the land as they have done throughout history. Yellow Earth’s message is not openly showing and pointing out the major problems which China has come across in the past and still does against the vast masses and it’s situations but it discusses and brings reality to the viewers concerning communism and it’s purpose for the people. â€Å"Here to save the people† as Cuiqao says placing her faith and her passion with the soldiers who believe in the same cause and contributes to her inspiration of making her land a better place to live. This is the first film to emerge from China and one of the most thrilling debut features of the 80s; catching the attention of the viewers, nationally and internationally. A Communist soldier visits a backward village in 1939, and is billeted with a taciturn widower and his teenage daughter and son. The soldiers mission is to collect folk songs, and its through the exchange of songs that he gradually wins the trust and affection of his hosts. The widower’s young daughter is to be sold into marriage with a much older man. The soldiers conversations of breaking up with feudal tradition fills her with unrealistic hopes of escaping her fate as she insistently thinks of a way of leaving her fate to her own battle. The soldier returns to his base, leaving her to take her future in her own hands. There are political undercurrents here that got the film into trouble in China: the encounter between the CP and Chinas peasants is shown not as an instant meeting of minds, but as the uneasy, frustrating, and ultimately unresolved process that it actually was. What really stirred things up in old Beijing was the films insistence on going its own way. Chen Kaige and his cinematographer Zhang Yimou have invented a new language of colors, shadows, glances, spaces, and unspoken thoughts and implications; and theyve made their own language be spoken to anyone involved in the making of this movie as well as viewers from all over the world. Consistent with Chinese art, Zhang Yimous cinematography works with a limited range of colors, natural lighting, and a non-perspective use of filmic space that aspires to a Taoist thought :Silent is the roaring Sound, Formless is the Image Grand. The use of silence as a component of Third Cinema is much like the empty space of Chinese art or cinema. The long shots of the natural environment possess a respect that is accompanied by silence. By drawing upon characteristics of Chinese art, the fifth generation of Chinas film-makers create a new vocabulary, a new filmic language with which to work. By challenging Western aesthetic practice, films such as Yellow Earth can be placed within the realm of a Third Cinema.

Fantastic Mr Fox Quotes

'Fantastic Mr Fox' Quotes Fantastic Mr Fox is a trickster-adventure story by British author Roald Dahl. Mr. Fox is (of course) fantastic, he faces seemingly impossible odds to survive. His shenanigans become legendary as he outwits three devilish rich men in order to steal food. The book was turned into a popular movie of the same name in 2009 with George Clooney voicing the lead character. Both the book and the movie have been popular with children.   Quotes from Fantastic Mr. Fox Down in the valley, there were three farms. The owners of these farms had done well. They were rich men. They were also nasty men. All three of them were about as nasty and mean as any men you could meet.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 1Boggis and Bunce and BeanOne fat, one short, one lean.These horrible crooksSo different in looksWere nonetheless equally mean.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 1In the hole lived Mr. Fox and Mrs. Fox and their four small Foxes.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 2I can smell these goons a mile away. I can smell one from the other. Boggis gives off a filthy stink of rotten chicken-skins. Bunce reeks of goose livers, and as for Bean, the fumes of apple cider hang around him like poisonous gasses.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 3One of them shone a flashlight on the hole, and there on the ground, in the circle of light, half in and half out of the hole, lay the poor tattered blood stained remains of ... a foxs tale.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic M r. Fox, Ch. 3 It will never grow again, said Mr. Fox. I shall be tail-less for the rest of my life. He looked very glum.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 3What we need on this job... is machines... mechanical shovels. Well have him out in five minutes with mechanical shovels.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 5The machines were both black. They were murderous, brutal-looking monsters.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox, Ch. 5I understand what youre saying, and your comments are valuable, but Im gonna ignore your advice.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. FoxBadger: The cuss you are.Mr. Fox: The cuss am I? Are you cussing with me?- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. FoxI, therefore, invite you all, Mr. Fox went on, to stay here with me forever.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. FoxForever! they cried. My goodness! How marvelous! And Rabbit said to Mrs. Rabbit, My dear, just think! Were never going to be shot again in our lives!We will make, said Mr. Fox, a little underground village, with streets and houses on each side - separate houses for Badgers and Moles and Rabbits and Weasels and Foxes. And every day I will go shopping for you all. And every day we will eat like kings.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox I think I have this thing where everybody has to think Im the greatest. And if they arent completely knocked out and dazzled and slightly intimidated by me, I dont feel good about myself.- Roald Dahl, Fantastic Mr. Fox

Peri Prefix Meaning in Biology

Peri Prefix Meaning in Biology The prefix (peri-) means around, near, surrounding, covering, or enclosing. It is derived from the Greek peri for about, near, or around. Words That Begin With Peri Perianth (peri-anth): The outer part of a flower that encloses its reproductive parts is called the perianth. The perianth of a flower includes the sepals and petals in angiosperms. Pericardium (peri-cardium): The pericardium is the membranous sac that surrounds and protects the heart. This three-layered membrane serves to keep the heart in place in the chest cavity and prevents over-expansion of the heart. Pericardial fluid, which is located between the middle pericardial layer (parietal pericardium) and the innermost pericardial layer (visceral pericardium), helps to reduce friction between pericardial layers. Perichondrium (peri-chondrium): The layer of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds cartilage, excluding cartilage at the end of joints, is called perichondrium. This tissue covers cartilage in structures of the respiratory system (trachea, larynx, nose, and epiglottis), as well as cartilage of the ribs, outer ear, and auditory tubes. Pericranium (peri-cranium): The pericranium is a membrane that covers the outer surface of the skull. Also called the periosteum, it is the innermost layer of the scalp that covers bone surfaces except at the joints. Pericycle (peri-cycle): Pericycle is plant tissue that surrounds vascular tissue in roots. It initiates the development of lateral roots and is also involved in secondary root growth. Periderm (peri-derm): The outer protective plant tissue layer that surrounds roots and stems is the periderm or bark. The periderm replaces the epidermis in plants that undergo secondary growth. Layers composing the periderm include cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm. Peridium (peri-dium): The outer layer that covers the spore-bearing structure in many fungi is called the peridium. Depending on the fungal species, the peridium may be thin or thick with between one and two layers. Perigee (peri-gee): The perigee is the point in the orbit of a body (moon or satellite) around the Earth where it is nearest to the center of the Earth. The orbiting body travels faster at perigee than at any other point in its orbit. Perikaryon (peri-karyon): Also known as cytoplasm, the perikaryon is all of the contents of a cell surrounding but excluding the nucleus. This term also refers to the cell body of a neuron, excluding the axons and dendrites. Perihelion (peri-helion): The point in the orbit of a body (planet or comet) around the sun where it comes closest to the sun is called the perihelion. Perilymph (peri-lymph): Perilymph is the fluid between the membranous labyrinth and bony labyrinth of the inner ear. Perimysium (peri-mysium): The layer of connective tissue that wraps skeletal muscle fibers into bundles is called perimysium. Perinatal (peri-natal): Perinatal refers to the time period occurring around the time of birth. This period spans from about five months before birth to one month after birth. Perineum (peri-neum): The perineum is the area of the body located between the anus and genital organs. This region spans from the pubic arch to the tail bone. Periodontal (peri-odontal): This term literally means around the tooth and is used to denote tissues that surround and support teeth. Periodontal disease, for example, is a disease of the gums that can range from minor gum inflammation to serious tissue damage and tooth loss. Periosteum (peri-osteum): The periosteum is a dual-layered membrane that covers the outer surface of bones. The outer layer of the periosteum is dense connective tissue formed from collagen. The inner layer contains bone-producing cells called osteoblasts. Peristalsis (peri-stalsis): Peristalsis is the coordinated contraction of smooth muscle around substances within a tube that moves the contents along the tube. Peristalsis occurs in the digestive tract and in tubular structures such as the ureters. Peristome (peri-stome): In zoology, the peristome is a membrane or structure that surrounds the mouth in some invertebrates. In botany, peristome refers to small appendages (resembling teeth) that surround the opening of a capsule in mosses. Peritoneum (peri-toneum): The dual-layered membrane lining of the abdomen that encases abdominal organs is known as the peritoneum. The parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal organs. Peritubular (peri-tubular): This term describes a position that is adjacent to or surrounds a tubule. For example, the peritubular capillaries are tiny blood vessels that are positioned around nephrons in the kidneys.

European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

European Union - Essay Example The member states benefit from both internal and external aspects of single market. Examples of these aspects include free trade of goods and services among member countries, common competition law that controls non-competitive activities of companies, elimination of internal border control and harmonization of external controls. Additional aspects include citizen’s freedom to live and work in any member state, free capital movement between member states, universal external customs tariff and a universal position in negotiations involving international trade among others. Following the European Union members’ deregulation of the aviation industry, which they accomplished in 1997, they abolished all traditional national protectionism, which resulted into a great improvement in the management of air traffic. With an aim of establishing a safer and efficient flow of air traffic within Europe, they set up a new system of managing air traffic. One very significant component of this system is the single European sky legislation that the EU launched in 1999 and its institutions adopted it in 2004. This legislation involved restructuring of the European airspace, which was formally individual national airspaces that individual member states regulated, into a single area regulated by the alliance (EUROPA, 2007). The single European sky led to the simplification of procedures for controllers of air traffic and pilots as well as fewer handovers where controllers of air traffic manage wider sky expanse while Europe-wide common procedures and rules provide pilots with a flawless service. Minimizing of different areas of control enhances faster services and a structure that is far better in dealing with any eventual trouble. The single European sky has also boosted air travel in EU member countries significantly. It has directly provided airlines with quicker and safer

SOCIAL SCIENCE (PATIENT NARRATIVE) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SOCIAL SCIENCE (PATIENT NARRATIVE) - Essay Example models â€Å"chronic diseases have become more important than the persons who harbor them.† However, there have been shifts to models that consider other factors such as social, psychological and environmental in shaping the context of a disease and illness. An example is the bio-psychosocial model which acknowledges that in a disease context, there are many factors such as behaviour and attitude towards the illness, social as well as psychological factors (Engel, 2012). The narratives from the patients are today extensively applied to explore the patient experiences with illness (Charon 2001; Kleinman 1988). Management of chronic diseases (Huyse, et al., 1999) require a holistic approach where both the patient and the medical team share feelings and emotional characteristics influencing the conditions experienced in the life of the patient. In this assignment, a patient’s story on his experience with diabetes will be explored with an aim to construct the cultural, soci al and psychological meaning and locate the facts in contemporary theoretical perspectives. The real names and hospital where the patient, whose narrative is to be used in this analysis, was encountered have been altered to comply with the NMC guidelines and policies of confidentiality (NMC, 2008). During my placement this year, a 52 year old man, Mr. Browns, walked into our clinic to seek medical attention on his wanting chronic condition. Mr. Browns showed symptoms such as occasional tiredness. He passed out a lot of urine and was continuously in thirst. He had a huge body size which made him feel more tired. He occasionally complained to be allowed to prostrate on the coach as he conversed rather than sitting as other patients did. Mr. Browns was born in London where he lives to date. These symptoms clearly linked Mr. Browns’ condition to type 2 diabetes (Blaxter, 1983). Upon further diagnosis, Mr. Browns’ diabetic condition was found to have escalated to almost severe states and required

Smoking Cigarettes Essay Example for Free

Smoking Cigarettes Essay Smoking cigarettes is harmful for many reasons. It is not only harmful to the human body but also affects the environment. This is because of many chemicals and substances that produce this hazardous product. There are many causes of smoking cigarettes. First of all, teenagers smoke because they want to be fit, and avoid gaining weight as smoking sedate hunger. Them they see their friends smoke and think it makes them look cool, be independent, and feel no tension and worries. The main cause of smoking is Nicotine which is an addictive and harmful substance contained in cigarette. People smoke cigarettes when they are depressed, lonely, or bored, and they help them to reduce the stress. Smoking is harmful to the human body, and it affects the eyes, mouth, throat, lungs, heart, stomach, and pancreas. It also causes cancer. The effects of smoking to the eyes is smoker have two to three times greater chance of developing cataracts, which leads to blindness. The Lungs and heart also are affected by smoking. Smokers are at a high risk of lung cancers, and smoking causes hardening of the arteries. The Stomach and pancreas also get affected from smoking. Smokers experience more coughs and colds as compare to the non-smoker. Any pregnant woman who is in habit of smoking cigarettes will have an increased risk of having an abnormal baby. Smoking is like a slow death. Besides affecting oneself, it also has a negative impact on the other people are smokers who are known as second hand smokers. Many people who start smoking have a family member or close friend who smokes. Smoking reduces ability to do things, such as sports and exercise. The tar in cigarette covers up alveoli, which helps a person to breath. Some people began smoking to showing off, or some wanted to enjoy it. Smoking is a habit which person find difficult to quit. Always try to avoid what your friend say about smoking. We need to give more attention to the effects of smoking to the non-smokers because they get more serious effects than the  smokers.

Architecture, Principle, and Culture: The Universal Value for Which Sta

Stanford University is a private research university located in Stanford, CA at geographical coordinates 37.43Â ° N, 122.17Â ° W. Erected in 1891 in memory of the founders’ son, Leland Stanford Junior, The Stanford University campus combines Romanesque, neoclassic and Mission Revival architectural styles on its buildings, with red tile roofs, sandstone walls, and beautiful aesthetic decorative details. Its architectural landmarks, for example, the Main Quad and Memorial Church, are representative of many eras of culture and technological advancement in the United States. Its physical and symbolic aspects make it a universally valuable site like no other. Stanford University is a site of outstanding universal value because of its architecture, which is representative of many eras of historic technological innovation physically as well as symbolically. Stanford’s Main Quad is a brilliant exhibit of architecture that reveals influences from important eras in European architecture yet maintains a Romanesque, mission revival theme that is also prevalent throughout campus. In addition to this, Stanford maintains a commitment to academic advancement and excellence. A place of such physical and intellectual prowess merits outstanding universal value. The campus meets criteria (i), (ii), and (iv): its architecture is representative of creative human genius, is a testimony to the cultural tradition of the United States, and illustrates significant states in human history in the United States, while its intangible aspects exhibits an interchange of human values over the span of more than a century. Both its authenticity and integrity a re attributed to the fact that the campus maintains a culture representative of the entire World. Stanford is... ...f sites such as these, we may lose the opportunity for preservation altogether in the future. We need to preserve the Stanford campus now in order to protect the legacy for which it stands. Works Cited "Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church." UNESCO World Heritage Centre. UNESCO. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. . The Founding Grant; with Amendments, Legislation, and Court Decrees. [Stanford, Calif.]: Stanford University, 1971. Web. . Joncas, Richard, David J. Neuman, and Paul Venable. Turner. Stanford University. New York: Princeton Architectural, 2006. Print. "Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville." UNESCO World Heritage Centre. UNESCO. Web. 31 Jan. 2012. .

GAP company information

It was the year of 1969 when man has taken its first step toward the moon and â€Å"Doris and Don Fisher opened the first Gap store in US in San Francisco. † The fast change in style between teenagers and adult lead to formation of company name called â€Å"GAP†. From Justa single store In 1969. our story Doris and Don Fisher opened the first Gap store in 1969. The reason was simple. Don couldnt find a pair of jeans that fit. They never expected to transform retail. But they did. Guided by humility, compassion and a strong desire to win, the Fishers grew their company thoughtfully. ustomers responded.Today, Gap Inc. Is a leading International specialty retailer with six brands – Gap, Banana Republic, Old Navy, Piperlime, Athleta and INTERMIX – more than 3,500 stores and more than 137. 000 employees. We're growing globally, and Just within the last few years, we opened our first stores In china and Italy. we're expanding online shopping to customers, too. T oday, customers in about 90 countries can buy our products. While many things have changed since 1969, the principles on which we were founded have stayed the same: creativity, delivering results, doing what's right and lways thinking of our customers first.Key Facts Founded: 1969, with a single store in San Francisco The original brand that brought American casual style to the world. Founded In 1909 In San Francisco, cap offers Iconic, yet modern clothing and accessories for adults, kids and babies. Gap gives customers the freedom to express their individual sense of style. Brand Includes Gap, GapKids, babyGap, GapMaternity and Gap30dy. Franchise stores: More than 350 stores in locations across Asia, Australia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa Brands: cap Intermix Old Navvy PiperlimeAthleta Headquarters World HQ: San Francisco Bay Area Product Design: New York City, San Francisco, Los Angeles, London Store Management, distribution and product manufacturing: Worldwide. Stores Total: More than 3,500 stores worldwide Fun Facts The average cost of a pair of Jeans at Gap in 1969? About $7! Gap's 1988 Individuals of Style campaign was the first time the company specifically hired celebrities as models. In 2004, Banana Republic was among the first sponsors of the Emmy-nominated sleeper hit â€Å"Project Runway. † Gap has about 10 miles of storefront windows around the world. Old Navvy was named after a bar in Paris! Retired New York Times fashion editor Carrie Donovan was tapped to be the â€Å"Old Navvy Lady† in 1997 after Joking in one of her columns that she'd be great for TV spots for the brand. After a wildly successful pilot, Gap Factory Outlet was founded and opened its first store in August 1994. Glenn Murphy is our fourth CEO since our founding in 1969. (Bob Fisher served as interim CEO in 2007 before Glenn was hired. ) Celebrity stylist Rachel Zoe can be found on Piperlime. com, where she shares her picks on her favor ite fashions from the site. ? Athleta, which has served women thletes since 1998, opened its first full-sized store in 2011. How They Do Business: From the start, Gap Inc. ‘s story wasn't going to be limited to Just selling Jeans. Doris and Don Fisher made certain that integrity would become a hallmark of their business. As they continue to expand their presence internationally, They're more aware than ever how their decisions affect the communities in which they do business. And their philosophy is simple: They seek to make a positive, lasting impact on the people and in the places where they operate.They listen to their customers around the world, and share their expectations. For hey, that means looking deeper into their supply chain to ensure that they take a responsible path throughout the product lifecycle, from the source to their stores. Financial and Strategic Analysis Company Overview The Gap, Inc. (Gap) is a specialty apparel company. The product line of the company consists of casual apparel care products, accessories and fashion apparel. The company distributes its products through its retail stores, internet and catalog stores. The company is also operates wholesale and franchisee businesses.Gap operates company owned stores in the US, Canada, France, Ireland, Italy, Japan and the I-JK. Financial Performance: The company reported revenues of (U. S. Dollars) USD14,549. OO million during the fiscal year ended January2012, a decrease of 0. 78% from 2011. The operatingprofit of the company was USD 1,438. 00 million duringthe fiscal year 2012, a decrease of 26. 93% from 2011. The net profit of the company was USD 833. 00 millionduring the fiscal year 2012, a decrease of 30. 81% from2011 Share Data THE GAP, INC. , Share Data pnce (USD) as on 01-NOV-2012 35. 5 EPS (USD) Book value per share (USD) 1. 56 5. 68 Shares Outstanding (in million) 533 Performance Chart SWOT Analysts THE GAP, INC. , SWOT Analysts Strengths Weaknesses Strong Liquidity Posit ion Strong Product Portfolio and Brand Recognition Wide Geographic Presence Product Recall Dependency on Third Party Manufacturers Decreasing Comparable Store Sales Opportunities Threats Growing Apparel Market Increasing Online Presence Expansion into New Markets Competitive Environment Changing Consumer Behavior Decreasing Shopping Trips SWOT Analysis – Overview The Gap, Inc. Gap) is a specialty retailer of apparel, footwear and accessories. The I-JK, France, Ireland and Japan. The company also has online and catalog stores. The company's broad product portfolio and brand recognition and wide geographic resence provide strong foundation for its future growth . However, intense competition and changing consumer behavior are the major areas of concern for the company. THE GAP, INC. – strengths Strength – Strong Liquidity Position The company's liquidity position strengthen significantly during the fiscal year 2010.The company recorded current ratio of 2. 19 at th e fiscal year ended 2010, as compared to 1. 86 in 2009. Gap had significant increase in its cash and short term investments during the fiscal year 2010. It recorded cash and short term investments of USD 2573. 00 million in 2010, as compared to USD 1715. 0 million during the fiscal year ended 2009. Moreover the company reported a net change in cash of USD 633. 00 million in 2010, as compared to a negative net change in cash of USD 9 million at the fiscal year ended 2009.This was principally due to increase in cash inflow from operating activities. The company' cash flow from operating activities increased 36. 54% to USD 1928. 00 during the fiscal year ended 2010. Increasing cash and cash equivalent represents the companys ability to fund its business opportunities, working capital needs, meeting short term obligations and other capital requirements in the future. Strength – Strong Product Portfolio and Brand Recognition The company's strong product portfolio and brand recogni tion ensures financial stability through a diversified customer base.Gap through its retail and online stores engaged in providing a wide range of apparel and accessories for men, women and children. The company markets its products under the well known brands, namely Gap, Old Navvy, GapKids, babyGap, GapBody, Banana Republic, and Piperlime. Under the Gap brand, the company provides denim, khakis and T-shirts, fashion apparel, accessories and personal care products. The company also provides a wide collection f apparel and accessories under the brand names GapKids and babyGap.Under the Old Navvy brand, the company offers apparel, shoes and accessories for both children and adults. The company also provides casual and tailored apparel, shoes and accessories for men and women under its Banana Republic brand. In addition, the company also offers its products through its websites. The company, through its multiple store banners, caters to a wide range of customers across the world. Stre ngth – Wide Geographic Presence The company's wide geographic presence insulates it from the risk of operating in a single economy. Gap operates 3,082 stores across North America, Europe and Asia.In products across several geographies. The company's franchised stores are located in Bahrain, Indonesia, Kuwait, Malaysia, the Philippines, the Oman, Qatar, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Cyprus and Croatia. The company also operates its online stores through www. gap. com, www. bananarepublic. com, www. oldnavy. com, and www. piperlime. com websites. The company's global presence enables it to build its brand image and maintain its strong position in the market.THE GAP, INC. – Weaknesses Weakness – Product Recall The company's various product recalls not only generate substantial negative publicity about its products and business, but also prevent commercialization of other future prod uct candidates. During April 2010, the company recalled its babyGap Marrakesh and Gap Outlet baby one-piece swimsuits . This recall was mainly due to presence of a halter straps that were manufactured too short causing the plastic ring located at the center of the swimsuit to press against the child's throat and obstruct the airway.This poses a strangulation hazard to the child. Weakness – Dependency on Third Party Manufacturers The company is highly dependent on the vendors outside the US, which may adversely affect its ability to meet any urgent requirements. The company purchases private label merchandise from approximately 650 vendors and non-private label merchandise from approximately 350 vendors having facilities in approximately 60 countries. During the fiscal year 2010, approximately 98% of the merchandise was produced outside the US.These outside vendors require to comply with certain vendor conducts and environmental, labor, health, and safety standards in domestic and international markets. Any noncompliance with the standards might delay the delivery of the goods and significantly affect the company's reputation. Thus, the company's high dependence on third party manufacturers may have an adverse affect on its business operations. Weakness – Decreasing Comparable Store Sales The comparable store sales have been decreasing over the past few years, which is adversely affecting the growth of the company.The stores segment accounts for more than 90% of the company's total revenue. During the fiscal year ended 2010, the company generated USD 13,079 million as compared to USD 13,496 million in the iscal year ending 2009, a decrease of 3. 18%. Over the past three years, the comparable store sales figures have been declining as demonstrated by a decrease of 9. 17% in the fiscal year 2009 and a decrease of 2. 19 % in the fiscal year 2008. As a result, Gap recorded a negative CAGR of 2. 97% during the period 2006-2010.The decrease has been pri marily due to a decline in net sales in all the brands due to the weakening retail environment and a shift of consumers from department stores to supermarkets and discount stores. THE GAP, INC. – opportunities The performance of the industry is forecasted to accelerate, with an anticipated CAGR rate of 2. 6% during 2006-2011. According to research, the US apparel retailing industry is expected to drive to a value of USD336. 7 billion by the end of 2011. Gap's stores and direct segments provide branded apparel, footwear and accessories for men, women and children through their retail and online stores.The company offering state of the art products and solutions through their wide distribution channel is likely to utilize opportunity of the growing apparel industry and thereby boost their top line growth. Opportunity – Increasing Online Presence With the rising trend of e-commerce business, there is huge potential for the ompany to increase its profitability through the direct-to-customer segment. In the fiscal year ending 2009, the direct-to-customer segment accounted for 7. 87% of the total revenue of the company and it increased by 8. 4% as compared to the sales at the end of the fiscal year 2010. The company can increase the contribution of this segment to the revenue by increasing its online presence. According to Forrester, online sales are expected to increase 13% to about USD 176. 9 billion in 2010. The growth is forecast to be 10%, 9% and 8% for 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Moreover according to a report published by U. S. Census Bureau the non-store retail sales for the 10 month period from January to October 2010 increased by 12. 7% from the same period in 2009.Such web-based store concept provides consumers the convenience of shopping from home, doing away with the time consuming Journey and saving on the transportation cost. Thus, web sales are expected to register substantial growth in the coming years as e-commerce continues to capture market share from physical stores. The company stands to benefit from the growth trend of e-retail, which is supported by rising internet penetration and increasing familiarity o online shopping. Opportunity – Expansion into New Markets The company has taken several initiatives to enter new geographies in recent financial years.During November 2010, the company opened its firsh Gap store in Italy. This new store is located on Corso Vittorio Emanuele in Milan's premier shopping district. It also entered into an agreement with Armin Systems Limited to bring Gap stores in Thailand. Moreover during November 2010, the company announced to open its first store in Latin America during the fiscal year 2011. The store will be located in Santiago, Chile. The company also had taken initiatives to launch its Gap, Banana Republic and Old Navvy online brands in Canada, and Gap and Banana Republic online in the UK and nine other European countries.The company also has renewed inter est for a possible foray into India's specialty clothing market through possible venture with Reliance Retail. The company's several initiatives to enter new markets may provide significant exposure to more diversified customer base and strengthen its brand image. THE GAP, INC. – Threats Gap operates in a highly competitive specialty apparel retail industry. It faces intense ompetition from local, national, and global department stores, specialty and discount store chains, independent retail stores, and online businesses, which are dealing with similar products.The company also faces significant competition from the local players in European, Japanese, and Canadian markets. The company's franchisees also faces competition in the respective markets. Increasing global competition in the apparel retailing market may significantly affect the company's market share in the future financial years. Threat – Changing Consumer Behavior Owing to recession, consumers in the US are left with lesser disposable incomes. It is showing in their purchase attitude Consumers tend to reduce their discretionary shopping.According to a consumer survey conducted in the US by Harris Interactive, more than half of adults (54%) say they would reduce discretionary spending during an economic recession and the majority (63%) of adults said they would not make a purchase if there was no deal attached. It clearly states that during an economic recession, consumers would cut budgets, yet will continue to shop when discounts are available. The scenario is a threat to specialty retailers like the company, which ell discretionary products. They will see a decreased footfalls and reduced revenues.In order to attract customers, these retailers will have to spend more on coupons and discounts, which will reduce their margins. Threat – Decreasing Shopping Trips The business of Gap may significantly affected due to decreasing shopping trips of consumers in the US. The US operati ons contributed to 82. 1% of the total revenue of the company in the fiscal year ending 2010. According to a study by Nielsen, outlet shopping trips in the US has shown an average monthly decline of 4% from July 2008 o February 2010.The company has already been recording a decline in comparable store sales over the past few years, which accounts for Change Factors: In the beginning Gap was sell only Levi's products where they have to depend on that particular brand by and large. Later on when they realized depending too much on a particular product may harm the business in the future, they have changed there course of depending on a single particular product . Gradually they have came up with there own product name and different supplier in order to reduce risks. In 1983 Gap purchased Banana Republic

Brief Gonzales V. Raich

The case entitled ALBERTO R. GONZALES, ATTORNEYT GENERAL, et al. , PETITIONERS v. ANGEL McCLARY RAICH et al had the case no 03 – 1454. This was a case filed in the United States of America Supreme Court. The case was formerly known as the Ashcroft v. Raich. Substantive Facts The respondents, before the case was filed were growing and consuming cannabis. This is in accordance with the fact that they use the marijuana for medical purpose.The growing and consumption activities were authorized by the state of California; the Controlled Substances Act of the federal government had confiscated the medicines and drugs that were derived from the marijuana plants. Because of the confiscation of the drugs that were from marijuana, the respondents had posted a claim that the infliction of the CSA against them is a violation in the Commerce Clause. The inflictions also had violated the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment including the 9th and 10th amendments.Medical necessity is als o claimed to be violated with the inflictions of the Controlled Substance Act (AudioCaseFiles, 2007). It was noted that California is a state wherein the use of marijuana for medical purpose is allowed. Without the drugs derived from marijuana, there would be so much pain experienced by the patients and death could result from those pains. Procedural History Angel Raich together with her companions in the field of medicine had sued the government because of the interference done by the federal government to their endeavor of using marijuana for medical purposes.Their claim is that the federal government had violated the constitution since it is constitutionally right to use marijuana for it (marijuana) was permitted to be used within the premises of the California State. Moreover, the claim included that the marijuana used by the California’s Medical co-ops are not in the name of commerce, nor did they bought the drugs from other states. Thus, the resources used for growing t he marijuana plants were only obtained within the premises of the State of California.Another claim from the Angel Raich was that she had used marijuana to prevent herself from dying because her doctor had claimed that she has allergies to the medicines she was prescribed. The federal government on the other hand claims that it was written in the Controlled Substances Act that it does not permit the legal use of marijuana in terms of medical purposes. Moreover, when the California State will not cease in using marijuana, it would be unfair for the other states not to also use marijuana for medical purpose.Their claim is not to permit exemption in using marijuana as stated in the US Federal Law. Broad and Narrow Holdings There is a general rule in the Constitution of the United States of America that the constitution is not allowing or permitting police powers to be carried by the federal government. But it was also stated in a clause in the US Constitution that it the federal govern ment will have this limited power in terms of commerce regulation in other countries and within the several states of the country. The clause that had given a limited power to the federal government is the Commerce Clause.As written in the history of the Commerce Clause, the federal government did only a very little interference with the activities done in the states of the country. The case of Angel Raich is quite simple not like the several cases filed in the Cumpreme Court of the United States. It was very clear that there was no commerce that had undergone in the course of the marijuana usage by the California Medical Co-op. All the activities done by the Raich and company had been within the California State and it was clear that the drugs were purely used for treating illness and diseases, specifically used also by Raich (Guither, 2007).Doctrinal and Policy Reasoning The case of Wickward v. Filburn which is related to the wheat production was used t ocompare the Raich’s case. In the wheat production case which was also commerce related case, the farmers are regulate the production of wheat in order to have a control in the volume of wheat that is transported within the states of the country. Filburn had a process did not violate the law because he only sold a portion of his wheat and other wheat produced was used for home consumption and other purposes. Filburn had lost the case considering the unsold portion of the wheat (Guither, 2007).Miscellaneous Justice Sandra Day O'Connor who presented a dissent of the GONZALES V. RAICH case started her statement by citing come of the relevant issues that are related to the case. She had stated the action done by the Commerce Clause authority was related to the Federalism issue among the states. Federalism is the one which encourage innovation if the state of California had agreed to be the laboratory of the entire country and will have the role of doing and performing experiments and studies which would no t affect the country.It is a federal crime according to Justice O’Connor to grow marijuana in your backyard and use it for medical purposes but if the state of California was considered to be a laboratory, then the use of marijuana (for medical purposes) is not a question (Cornell University Law School, 2007). Justice Clarence Thomas had also written a separate dissent of the case. He mentioned that the cultivation as well as consumption of marijuana done by the respondents is not included running in the commerce industry since there was no production for marketing done nor the respondents had bought materials for the cultivation.Thus, there was no strong evidence that the respondents had violated the Commerce Clause or even any law that was listed in the Constitution. The federal government in return should not have prohibited such activities (Cornell University Law School, 2007). Literature Cited: AudioCaseFiles. (2007). Gonzales v. Raich. Retrieved September 12, 2007 from http://www. audiocasefiles. com/cases/detail/case/8834/ Cornell University Law School (2007). Supreme Court Colloection; GONZALES V. RAICH (03-1454) 545 U. S. 1 (2005) 352 F. 3d 1222, vacated and remanded. Retrieved September 12, 2007 from http://www.law. cornell. edu/supct/html/03-1454. ZD1. html Cornell University Law School (2007). Supreme Court Colloection; GONZALES V. RAICH (03-1454) 545 U. S. 1 (2005) 352 F. 3d 1222, vacated and remanded. Retrieved September 12, 2007 from http://www. law. cornell. edu/supct/html/03-1454. ZD. html Curtis, Parker, Douglas, Finkleman (2007). Constitutional Law in Context. Volume 1. Second Edition. Guither, Pete. (2007). Raich v. Ashcroft – A Guide to the Supreme Court Case. Drug Warrant. com. Retrieved September 12, 2007 from http://blogs. salon. com/0002762/stories/2004/11/23/raichVAshcroftAGuideToTheS. html

Ict and Socia Media in Tourism Essays

Ict and Socia Media in Tourism Essays Ict and Socia Media in Tourism Essay Ict and Socia Media in Tourism Essay Topic: Evaluate the effects (positive and negative) of user generated data on tourism decision making. The tourism industry is a rapidly thriving industry that accounts as the main source of revenue for many regions worldwide. As the industry grows, more and more attention is being paid to the use of user generated data to enhance the decision making process in a tourism perspective. The use of user generated data in a tourism discipline is somewhat interesting as many organizations utilise user generated data for a vvariety of motives, however the central focus being for decision making. In the ollowing paragraphs, an evaluation of both the positive and negative impacts of user generated data on decision making will be addressed with particular consideration to the tourism industry and a take on social media influences. User generated data encompasses a different vvariety of media content in the scope of modern communications technology that is used in a series of applications (Ayeh, Au, Law, 2013). User generated data is also gathered via ddigital media technologies and open source free software. Nevertheless, research by Hvass and Munar (2012) suggest that in the last decade there has seen a huge shift in user generated data nd content towards an interest in social media. Social media is now more than ever a vital marketing tool for tourism operators as it acts as a gateway for tourism organizations to interact directly with consumers via internet. Due to the fact that technology is a rising and fundamental resource today with more people gaining access to the internet through technology devices, it is reasonable that social media have been adopted by consumers to seek recommendations and references of tourism based products and services. The greatest benefit of user generated data xtracted by tourism organizations is the for the primary use of conducting and creating tourism products and services based on user generated data (Law, Leung, Buhalts, 2009). Big data is a valuable asset to any organization within the tourism industry as well as outside of tourism based operators. As study (Ye, Law, Gu, Chen, 2011) indicates, each individual will generate an immense amount of data each day over communication and interaction to the extent that the information generated becomes useful and even sometimes beneficial to businesspersons especially to the tourism industry, with regards to decision making. This great deal of data is also referred to as user generated data in the sense that each individual is a user whom generates data eltner Tor a speclTlc purpose or Vla stanaara communlcatea information. Furthermore a positive impact of user generated data on tourism decision making is the fact that the huge amount of personal data is used to improve on services and enhance product for consumers. In addition to this, user generated data is unique for creating opportunities for visitors to produce memorable tourism experiences, involving other tourism businesses to build significant destination mages and better engagement with social media. However, other study (Law Xiang, 2013) too shows that big data can also be regarded as a liability for many tourism organizations. User generated data at most times can be counted as misleading and untruthful data that can be time consuming and costly for many tourism operators. Thus the importance of tourism based operators to take into consideration the level of accuracy of user generated data and whether or not the data gathered is relevant to the subject of matter. Social media is a suitable example of this as many people tend to generate data via the internet. As mentioned previously, social media is a major case in point of user generated data whereby the bulk of tourists seek for suggestions and ideas through social networks such as facebook, twitter, or travel websites that include expedia, trip advisor and many more (Leung, Law, van Hoof, Buhalis, 2013). Besides this, other study by Hudson and Thal (2013) imply that social media is used as a strategic approach for tourism operators and in the last decade there has seen a dramatic change of consumer preferences and decision process of engaging in tourism products and services due to social media information. Hudson and Thal (2013) further point out the benefits tourism marketers are gaining in social media engagement and the costs that come with it. To illustrate, additional research (Tham, Croy, Mair, 2013) suggest that social media spreads word of mouth automatically. This is drawn from users attempting to make public all the wholesome and poor experiences an individual consumes with a product service or at a destination. Despite this, the study concludes with the fact that word of mouth can get the worse of tourism operators whom primarily seek the development of roducts and services mainly though social media and user generated data which possibly will result in an inadequate expansion. To conclude, user generated data like any other source of information, contains both its benefits and costs to any tourism organization and its decision making process. The matter of the fact is, it depends on the liability of the data consumed that could possibly make or break a tourism operator.

How to get rid of the negative way of thinking

How to get rid of the negative way of thinking How to get rid of the negative way of thinking Have you ever thought that nothing seemed to go your way? Our mistake is that we always expect something disappointing to happen. We get exactly what we are thinking about. Modern people are so used to the negative mindset, that it seems that discouragement surrounds us all the time. The negativity is out of our control! It shouldn`t affect us so much. We have to switch on positive thinking and stop the influence of the negative energy. Try to nurture the positive mindset, removing the lack of optimism and putting yourself in the positive and peaceful frame of mind. You are the only person who is responsible for your own happiness. You will be definitely happy and successful, if you make yourself sure, that you can overcome everything. How to incorporate a positive mindset on a daily basis? Get ready for a positive change It is very important to assess your thinking and understand all the benefits of being a positive thinker. Try to write a list of what was special and unusual about the present day. Start charting all your achievements and keep a diary to reflect your thoughts. Surround yourself with everything positive Surround yourself with people, who think in a positive way and can teach you something. Read and watch everything that can inspire you and make you happy. Use various CDs and self-help books to learn how to feel yourself much better. Combat the negative thoughts Identify and become more aware of your automatic negative thoughts. Try to move them right out of your head. Try to find out, what caused them and what stimulates your negativity. Start to challenge your negative thoughts and replace them with the positive ones. Stop thinking, that you are personally to blame for everything, that goes wrong in the world. Always remember, that every situation has both its positive and negative side. Avoid catastrophizing. Start to live an optimistic life Give yourself time to change and don`t let yourself to fall back into the negative way of thinking. Become physically positive, changing you bodily habits in a positive way. It is very important to be mindful about your daily activities and choices. It will definitely make you feel happier. Express yourself, exploring your creative side. Communicate with positive people in order to feed your own positivity. Set meaningful goals and work hard to achieve everything you want. Always make time for fun and laughter. Believe in yourself Visualize all positive results in your mind. Raise your expectations.   Embrace the ‘I can’ attitude. You will definitely override the bad days, if you believe in your powers – power to change your way of thinking and power to change your way of life. It is your choice to have a positive outlook. If you don`t know, how to find the way out, just color your day with more hopeful and brighter approaches. Your worries and obstacles will be definitely transformed into solutions and possibilities. Positive thinking has a lot of benefits.   Your physical and mental well-being will be better and the resistance to the common cold will be greater. Your life span will increase and the chances of distress and depression will be lower. So, just embrace a positive mindset! Try to find everything positive and pleasant in every day of life. A positive attitude is the critical factor for your fulfilled life and success. Remain grateful even if you face disappointments, stay faithful even when all is hopeless. Give love even if you are unappreciated and trust in the power of positivity even in times of hardship.

Investment Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Investment Plan - Assignment Example 2. Accounting Rate of Return: Accounting Rate of Return is based on accounting profit. Accounting Rate of Profit (ARR) can be defined as the percentage of Average Annual Profit of an Investment to the Average Investment. Where, Average Investment = (Initial investment + scrap value) / 2 Advantages: By using Profit figures, this technique relates to the return on capital employed directly. The result of this calculation is in percentage, which is easily understandable by most business people. Disadvantage: Here also it ignores the time value of money It uses the accounting profit rather than cash flows. Cash flows represent solid power over resources, whereas Accounting profits are subjected to the application of accounting concepts. 3. Net Present Value: It is a discounted cash flow method of investment appraisal. It uses the method of discounting future cash flows to its present values. The sum of the future cash flows less the initial investment gives the Net Present value of a Project. Advantages: Its main strength is its recognition of time value of money. As it considers cash flow for calculation, it is not affected by the accounting policy of a particular company. As it takes account of the costs of raising finance, a positive NPV reflects the increase in shareholders' wealth, which is supposed to be the main consideration of Project appraisal. Disadvantages: This is a bit cumbersome process of calculating the discount rate with the nature of finance available. It gives result in absolute figures, and does not allow for the size of the project. 4. Internal Rate of Return: Internal Rate of Return is the discount rate that gives a zero NPV....The sum of the future cash flows less the initial investment gives the Net Present value of a Project. 4. Internal Rate of Return: Internal Rate of Return is the discount rate that gives a zero NPV. The acceptance criteria of this method of appraisal are; IRR should be greater than the discount rate on the presumption that a project with higher IRR than the discount rate generates higher returns. Calculation of IRR is easier as it does not require precise cost of capital discount rate. To accept a project it is enough to see that the IRR sufficiently higher than the approximate cost of capital. To summerize complex accounting information into relatively small no. of key indicators ratios are used. This also makes comparison easier. As we are now going to make comparison between the performance of M/s Sukna and M/s Badra we should utilize the ratio analysis method. Traditionally ratios are classified into five groups. We should look into the ratios for which data is available with us. This is known as primary ratio as it goes to the heart of what most private sector firms try to achieve. This ratio gives the effectiveness of the assets financed both by shareholders and long term creditors. This ratio should be as high as possible. Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit / Sales X 100%. This ratio does not give a clear picture but it can give some trend.

Critically evaluate the following statement Conflict in social work is Essay

Critically evaluate the following statement Conflict in social work is inevitable. Social workers need to understand and respond positively to conflict in the - Essay Example This paper will demonstrate that conflict within social work is inevitable, and that social workers must cultivate interpersonal skills to positively negotiate conflict in their day-to-day practices. Firstly, how conflict can arise within the social work practice will be described. Secondly, the link between social work theory and conflict in social work practice will be outlined. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesise the main points of this paper to show how conflict is to be expected in social work, and social workers are able to respond positively to conflict in their daily practices. A key feature of social work practices is to work within a team environment. The social worker may find themselves working in a team environment comprised of other workers as well as lawyers, police enforcement, doctors, nurses, volunteers, chaplains, carers and other health and human service workers (Martin, 2000). Team-work has been a traditional practice that is supported by social work philosophy and is demonstrated in a variety of its practices. Team-work begins at university with exposure to social work theories and opposing opinions and life experiences of lecturers, fellow students and other schools of social science discipline. Barsky's (2003) study of social work students concluded that: Participants were more interested in discussing conflicts related to practice and ethical issues, for example, than matters related to problems in the school or classroom. The implications could be either positive or negative for social work education. A positive interpretation infers that students and professors wanted to focus on practice issues and not get sidetracked with personality differences (p. 12). It is well recognized within the social work literature of the interdependence of the physical, functional, psychosocial and spiritual dimensions of the workplace account for team member well being, as well as facilitating a multidisciplinary and so comprehensive approach to client care (Cronenwett & Redman, 2003). Disagreement is likely to occur with the different disciplines involved in the team having different ideas about how to approach a situation, or how to problem-solve a dilemma. As such there are differences in opinion and to how to achieve goals, or to undertake certain activities, and in determining what the relevant priorities are and what they are not (Barki & Hartwick, 2002). Differences of opinion that are not easily resolved or that do not hold the potential for a win-win solution can create conflict within the team, and across departments involved with a client or social work practice.The situation is a conflict when interferences or negative emotion arises from the difference of opinions. For example, social workers may not be able to understand the

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Business Law - Essay Example For Leighton Industries the amount of consideration was the specific brand of steel requested. For Callier Steel, the consideration must have been the amount of money included in the invoice. The two companies are of contractual capacity (Richards, 22). Thus a valid and binding contract existed between the two parties. The next step will be to find out if the two companies met their contractual obligations under the contract and if their contractual rights under the sale of goods contracts were mutually respected. A contract is normally considered as an act of good faith that is free from any ill intent from the contracting parties. An act of misrepresentation constitutes a vitiating element in a contract. The representation must be inaccurate, misleading or untrue (Richards, 78). The representee must have reasonably relied on the misrepresentation and the damages that he suffered must be as a result of this reliance as was the case in Andrews Vs Mockford (1986). By delivering a wrong brand of steel, Callier Steel would be liable for innocent, fraudulent or negligent misrepresentation that breached the contractual obligation of good faith. By obtaining leaking furnaces as a result of the wrong brand of steel that was delivered, Leighton suffered damages which the court must remedy. Leighton

Should Young Offenders Be Tried as Adults?

Should Young Offenders Be Tried as Adults? Before Victorian times there were no age district for young offenders and all who got in trouble with the law were send to adult prisons. In our days crime is everywhere, children and young people making crimes starting from drugs and gangs all the way to murder. Young offenders committing more and more crimes these days. For most children and young people, getting into trouble is part of the normal business of growing up, testing the boundaries and finding ones place in the world. There are many reasons why children and young persons start committing crimes: violence at home, money problems, bored dome, learning problems, poor housing, availability of alcohol and drugs, friends influence, low grades at school and etc. Should children and young offenders be treated differently from adults? Social reformers campaigned to protect children from danger and exploitation. One of their key demands was that children should be removed from the adult prison system and placed in privately managed institutions. Mary Carpenter, who argued that three types of institutions were required, free schools for the deprived, industrial schools for young vagrants and beggars, and reformatories for convicted youngsters. (Rutheford, 1986) In England and Wales no child may be guilty of a criminal offence below the age of ten. Between the ages of ten and eighteen, young offenders are dealt with in what is now referred to the youth court, distinguishable in style and approach from the adult magistrates courts, which together with the Crown court, deal with offenders aged 18 or above. (Newburn, 2007) Children who are under ten years old are not responsible and cannot be held for their crimes, they are too young of understanding of consequences of their actions, however in our society today we hear more children under age of ten committing very serious crimes which they should not be doing. For example The Young brothers who subjected two other boys to a 90-minute attack involving torture and sexual humiliation the pair were jailed in January this year to serve at least five years. The media covered the case extensively. The presiding Judge had set a minimum detention period of five years, because the risk the defendants posed to the public and their lack of apparent remorse meant that they were likely to be locked away for considerably longer. (www.guardian.co.uk )The sentences handed to the two brothers who subjected a pair of boys to an attack involving prolonged sadistic violence and sexual humiliation, were appropriate and will not be referred to the court of appeal, according to the statement issued by attorney general Lady Scotland. The trial judge, Mr Justice Keith, jailed the brothers, for a minimum of five years, but the sentences were indeterminate, meaning they ca n only be released if the authorities believe they pose no threat to society. It is important to note that in this case the child protection services had failed the public. If the department had taken action against the perpetrators and made thorough investigation as the boys had a long record of violent attacks against other children and adults, this would have been prevented. Youth between age 14 17 are fully responsible for crimes they commit, but they are treated differently from adults, on the other hand if young offenders are able to commit adult crimes why they should be treated differently? Newburn points out many of the social reformers in the nineteenth century who campaigned to protect children from danger and exploitation demanded that they should be removed from the adult prison system and placed in state funded institutions. (Newburn, 2007) Children Act 1908 barred under 14s from prison and restricted the imprisonment of 14 -15 years old. Young people with experience of custody are likely to be the most at risk of reoffending. This is because they are often the most detached from education, training and employment, and are more likely to misuse drugs and alcohol and have mental health issues, which are all know risk factors (Martin Stephenson, 2007). If young offenders will be treated the same way as adults it is more likely they will commit crimes again, because they will be released from adults prison and will have different point of view then realising from juvenile prison or custody. Bob Holman points out that the move to lock up young people reflected a trend amongst adult offenders. Between December 1992 and December 1993, the proportion of offenders jailed by Crown courts rose from 40 per cent to 52 per cent, with the prison population reaching a record nearly 50,000. Custody must have a place in any justice system. Some people are so violent, so criminal, that their liberty must be removed in order to protect others. (Holman, 1995) The Crime and disorder Act 1998 made really big changes the way England and Wales courts are dealing with young offenders. Under principle, children aged 10 to 13 were presumed to be incapable of criminal intent unless this intent was proved beyond reasonable doubt. Since the 1998 Act there is no longer any legal requirement for the criminal courts to take formal account of a childs age when assessing their culpability. (Hayden, 2007) The population of young people housed in prisons and other secure accommodation is exceedingly needy. Almost one third of young offenders in custody have mental health problems and over half have borderline learning difficulties. The result is that children in custody typically have literacy and numeracy ages some four to five years below their chronological ages. One third was reporting that they take drugs not get high, but just to feel normal (Newburn, 2007) . The British Survey find out that 12 month before entering prison 13 per cent of male young offenders on remand and 11 per cent of those sentenced to custody has received help or treatment for a mental or emotional problem. (Newburn, 2007) In conclusion children and adolescents havent been always treated all that differently from adults. Adolescent is the period in which young people appear to engage in anti social activities including crime. For the majority there is a marked fall in criminal behaviour during early adult life, though a minority continues to persist in their offending carrees. In many ways, therefore, in relation to controlling crime, the aim has been the management of this problem population. For the whole of the last century and into this, children and young offenders have also been seen as a group necessitating an approach different from that employed with adults. (Newburn, 2007) Bibliography www.homeoffice.gov.uk   www.guardian.co.uk   Hayden, C. (2007). Children in trouble. New York: Palgrave Macmillan   Holman, B. (1995). Children Crime. Lion Publishing plc   Martin Stephenson, H. G. (2007). Effective Practise in Youth Justice. Canada: Willan Publishing Newburn, T. (2007). Criminology. Canada: Willan Publishing   Rutheford, A. (1986). Growing out of crime: Society and Young people in trouble. Penguin

Montaigne :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the greatest renaissance thinkers Montaigne Often took himself as the object of study in his Essays. While using himself he attempted to weigh mankind and Asses his nature, habits and his own opinions and those of others. He was searching for truth by reflecting on his readings, travels, and experiences both public and private. His writing style is light and un-technical. He was also a great example of a renaissance skeptic and fiedism. Fiedism is a strategy, which uses skepticism in order to clear ground for Catholicism. Probably one of the greatest examples would be His Apology for Raymond Sebond.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a young child he had a german tutor, who spoke to him in latin only. When he was six and a half he was sent to the College of Guyenne at Bordeux, where he stayed for seven years. It is believed that he studied logic and dialects for two years at the Bordeaux Faculty of Arts, with Marc-de Muret as tutor. Then he studied law possibly at Boreoux. Then he became a counselor at the Cour des Aides of Perigord he was soon incorporated like his colleagues in the parliament of Bordeaux. The new councellor had no likeing for his proffessin, and he was often absent from the Parlement. From 1553 to 1561 he attended the court.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two years later he married Francois de la chassaigne, the daughter of parliamentary advocate. They had five daughters only one out lived him. In 1571 he went on a journey where he started writing his essays. When he came back there was letter for him to become mayor, which he accepted and held for four years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Montage tries to humble mans pride â€Å"There is a plague on man, the opinion that he knows something† This skepticism is connected with the doctrine of Christian â€Å"folly† which say god s wisdom is to b found in the lowly and meek and that the belief that one has knowledge prevents one from accepting the truths of religion. He argues that man is inferior to beast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his Apology for Raymond Sebond   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The renaissance was a period of expanding horizons and one in which there was a large increase in knowledge of the world and its inhabitants.

Socio

w w w e tr . X m eP e ap UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Level .c rs om 9699/33 SOCIOLOGY Paper 3 Social Change and Differentiation Additional Materials: * 1 3 8 8 3 1 5 7 9 6 * October/November 2011 3 hours Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer three questions, each from a different section. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 4 printed pages. DC (NF) 50220/2 R  © UCLES 2011 [Turn over 2 Option A: Famil ies and Households Answer either Question 1 or Question 2. 1 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term extended family. Identify and briefly describe two characteristics of modified extended families. [3] [6] b) Evaluate the view that the extended family is of little importance in modern industrial societies. [16] 2 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term patriarchy in relation to the family. [3] Identify and briefly describe two ways in which patriarchy within the family may be expressed. [6] (b) â€Å"Patriarchal family structures are no longer to be found in modern industrial societies. † Evaluate this claim. [16] Option B: Education Answer either Question 3 or Question 4. 3 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term cultural deprivation. [3] Identify and briefly describe two ways in which cultural deprivation impacts on educational achievements. 6] (b) Evaluate the view that class is the most significant factor in determining educational achievements in modern industrial societies. [16] 4 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term labelling. [3] Identify and briefly describe two sociological examples that illustrate the process of labelling in relation to education. [6] (b) â€Å"Ethnicity has relatively little impact on educational attainment in modern industrial societies. † Evaluate this claim. [16]  © UCLES 2011 9699/33/O/N/11 3 Option C: Religion Answer either Question 5 or Question 6. 5 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term social control. [3]Identify and briefly describe two ways in which religion can act as a means of social control. [6] [16] (b) â€Å"Religion is a force for social change in modern industrial societies. † Evaluate this view. 6 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term world affirming sect. Identify and briefly describe two reasons why sects can be short lived. [3] [6] (b) Evaluate the view that the growth of new religious movements is evidence that religion continues to play a major role in modern industrial societies. [16] Option D: Crime and Deviance Answer either Question 7 or Question 8. 7 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term self report study. [3]Identify and briefly describe two advantages in using self report studies to research the level of crime in society. [6] (b) Evaluate the view that criminal behaviour is limited to a few powerless groups in society. [16] 8 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term sub-culture. [3] Identify and briefly describe two differences between biological and sociological theories of deviance. [6] [16] (b) Evaluate the interactionist view that deviance is subject to negotiation.  © UCLES 2011 9699/33/O/N/11 [Turn over 4 Option E: Work and Leisure Answer either Question 9 or Question 10. 9 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term unofficial strike.Identify and briefly describe two reasons why strikes occur. [3] [6] [16] (b) Evaluate the view that organisations are inevitably undemocratic. 10 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term professionalisation in relation to work. [3] Identify and briefly describe two consequences of the professionalisation of the workforce . [6] (b) Evaluate the view that alienation remains a feature of work in modern industrial societies. [16] Option F: Mass Media Answer either Question 11 or Question 12. 11 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term censorship. [3] Identify and briefly describe two examples of the way in which the mass media influences the political process. 6] (b) Evaluate the view that agenda setting in politics is increasingly shaped by the mass media in modern industrial societies. [16] 12 (a) (i) (ii) Define the term content analysis. [3] Identify and briefly describe two difficulties in measuring the influence of the mass media. [6] (b) Evaluate the usefulness of the hypodermic syringe model to our understanding of the role of the mass media. [16] Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible.Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clear ance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.  © UCLES 2011 9699/33/O/N/11

Case Study on Pepsi

IntroductionThis project aim is to analyze the diversification strategy of PepsiCo in 2008. PepsiCo is the largest food and beverage business in the world. The benefits of PepsiCo’s diversification strategies are identified. The business strategy is analyzed to determine its efficacy across PepsiCo’s consumer business segments and product portfolio. The value chain match ups are determined and analyzed to ascertain their relevance to the success of PepsiCo’s strategy. The competitive strengths of PepsiCo’s three structural divisions and six reporting segments are assessed and related to relevant theories and strategy tools.Summary of the casePepsiCo is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Purchase, New York, United States, with interests in the manufacturing, marketing and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products. PepsiCo is a world leader in convenient foods and beverages, with revenues of about $39.5 billio n and over 142,000 employees.The company’s portfolio of businesses in 2008 included Frito-Lay salty snacks, Quaker chewy granola bars, Pepsi soft drink products, Tropicana orange juice, Lipton Brisk tea, Gatorade, Propel, SoBe, Quaker Oatmeal, Cap’n Crunch, Aquatint, Rice-A-Roni, Aunt Jemima pan cake mix, and many other regularly consumed products. The company consists of the snack business of Frito-Lay North America and the beverage and food businesses of PepsiCo Beverages and Foods, which includes PepsiCo Beverages North America (Pepsi-Cola North America and Gatorade/Tropicana North America) and Quaker Foods North America. PepsiCo International includes the snack businesses of Frito-Lay International and beverage businesses of PepsiCo Beverages International. PepsiCo brands are available in nearly 200 countries and territories.Many of PepsiCo's brand names are over 100-years-old, but the corporation is relatively young. PepsiCo was established in 1965 through the mer ger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Tropicana was acquired in 1998 and PepsiCo merged with The Quaker Oats Company, including Gatorade, in 2001. PepsiCo’s success is the result of superior products, high standards of performance,  distinctive competitive strategies and the high integrity of our people.VisionThe vision of PepsiCo is to be a responsible company that supports continuous improvement of all areas across the globe in which they operate. These areas include the environment, social, and economic conditions creating a better future then the present.MissionPepsiCo’s mission is to be the world's premier consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and beverages. They seek to produce healthy financial rewards to investors as they provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to their employees, their business partners and the communities in which they operate. And in everything they do, they strive for honesty, fairness and integrity.SWOT AnalysisStrengt hsBranding – One of PepsiCo’s top brands is of course Pepsi, one of the most recognized brands of the world, ranked according to Interbrand. As of 2008 it ranked 26th amongst top 100 global brands.Pepsi generates more than $15,000 million of annual sales. Pepsi is joined in broad recognition by such PepsiCo brands as Diet Pepsi, Gatorade Mountain Dew, Thirst Quencher, Lay’s Potato Chips, Lipton Teas (PepsiCo/Unilever Partnership), Tropicana Beverages, Fritos Corn, Tostitos Tortilla Chips, Doritos Tortilla Chips, Aquafina Bottled Water, Cheetos Cheese Flavored Snacks, Quaker Foods and Snacks, Ruffles Potato Chips, Mirinda, Tostitos Tortilla Chips, and Sierra Mist.The strength of these brands is evident in PepsiCo’s presence in over 200 countries. The company has the largest market share in the US beverage at 39%, and snack food market at 25%. Such brand dominance insures loyalty and repetitive sales which contributes to over $15 million in annual sales for the company.Finance -As one of the leading beverage and food distributors and producers in the world,PepsiCo obviously has very strong financial backing and has been performing especially well. Their basic financial statement is very promising with revenues above Coca-Cola and the highest PepsiCo has ever seen, as well as low debt and liabilities.20 PepsiCo has shown and average of six percent growth since the year 2000 and has accomplished many growth goals by acquired and manufacturing a wide range of products.The pure size of PepsiCo is a competitive advantage because they produce so many commonly used products throughout the world and are minimally leveraged by market ups and downs.Illustrating this point is their increasing ROE, ROA, and ROI ratios that have experienced great increases over the past several years where soda sales have declined Diversification – PepsiCo’s diversification is obvious in that the fact that each of its top 18 brands generates annual s ales of over $1,000 million. PepsiCo’s arsenal also includes ready-to-drink teas, juice drinks, bottled water, as well as breakfast cereals, cakes and cake mixes.This broad product base plus a multi-channel distribution system serve to help insulate PepsiCo from shifting business climates.Distribution – The company delivers its products directly from manufacturing plants and warehouses to customer warehouses and retail stores. This is part of a three pronged approach which also includes employees making direct store deliveries of snacks and beverages and the use of third party distribution services.WeaknessesOverdependence on Wal-Mart – Sales to Wal-Mart represent approximately 12% of PepsiCo’s total net revenue. Wal-Mart is PepsiCo’s largest customer. As a result PepsiCo’s fortunes are influenced by the business strategy of Wal-Mart specifically its emphasis on private-label sales which produce a higher profit margin than national brands. W al-Mart’s low price themes put pressure on PepsiCo to hold down prices.Overdependence on US Markets – Despite its international presence, 52% of its revenues originate in the US. This concentration does leave PepsiCo somewhat vulnerable to the impact of changing economic conditions, and labor strikes. Large US customers could exploit PepsiCo’s lack of bargaining power and negatively impact its revenues.Low Productivity – In 2008 PepsiCo had approximately 198,000 employees. Its revenue per employee was $219,439, which was lower than its competitors. This may indicate comparatively low productivity on the part of PepsiCo employees.Image Damage Due to Product Recall – Recently (2008) salmonella contamination forced PepsiCo to pull Aunt Jemima pancake and waffle mix from retail shelves. This followed incidents of exploding Diet Pepsi cans in 2007. Such occurrences damage company image and reduce consumer confidence in PepsiCo products. OpportunitiesBro adening of Product Base – PepsiCo is seeking to address one of its potential weaknesses; dependency on US markets by acquiring Russia’s leading Juice Company, Lebedyansky, and V Wwater in the United Kingdom. It continues to broaden its product base by introducing TrueNorth Nut Snacks and increasing its Lipton Tea venture with Unilever. These recent initiatives will enable PepsiCo to adjust to the changing lifestyles of its consumers.International Expansion – PepsiCo is in the midst of making a $1, 000 million investment in China, and a $500 million investment in India. Both initiatives are part of its expansion into international markets and a lessening of its dependence on US sales. In addition the company plans on major capital initiatives in Brazil and Mexico.Growing Savory Snack and Bottled Water market in US – PepsiCo is positioned well to capitalize on the growing bottle water market which is projected to be worth over $24 million by 2012. Products such as Aquafina, and Propel are well established products and in a position to ride the upward crest. PepsiCo products such as, Doritos tortilla chips, Cheetos cheese flavored snacks, Tostitos tortilla chips, Fritos corn chips, Ruffles potato chips, Sun Chips multigrain snacks, Rold Gold pretzels, Santitas are also benefiting from a growing savory snack market which is projected to grow as much as 27% by 2013, representing an increase of $28 million.ThreatsDecline in Carbonated Drink Sales – Soft drink sales are projected to decline by as much as 2.7% by 2012, down $ 63,459 million in value. PepsiCo is in the process of diversification, but is likely to feel the impact of the projected decline.Potential Negative Impact of Government Regulations – It is anticipated that government initiatives related to environmental, health and safety may have the potential to negatively impact PepsiCo. For example, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of food products may be al tered as a result of state, federal or local dictates. Preliminary studies on acrylamide seem to suggest that it may cause cancer in laboratory animals when consumed in significant amounts. If the company has to comply with a related regulation and add warning labels or place warnings in certain locations where its products are sold, a negative impact may result for PepsiCo.Intense Competition – The Coca-Cola Company is PepsiCo’s primary competitors. But others include Nestlà ©, Groupe Danone and Kraft Foods. Intense competition may influence pricing, advertising, sales promotion initiatives undertaken by PepsiCo. Resently Coca-Cola passed PepsiCo in Juice sales.Potential Disruption Due to Labor Unrest – Based upon recent history, PepsiCo may be vulnerable to strikes and other labor disputes. In 2008 a strike in India shut down production for nearly an entire month. This disrupted both manufacturing and distribution.PepsiCo’s ProblemNegligence on employe es – One of the main lacking components of PepsiCo’s values is their employees. Of the many concerns they have about the consumer and clients, little is said about the way employees are treated and what expectations and responsibilities are towards them. Programs exist that help employee’s take part in the community, and also future employees by offering school programs and scholarships. However, little effort is directed towards the responsibility of the company to employees. Coinciding with their values, objectives, and commitment, employees are left out of the  grand scheme and mayeven be considered a means to an end. The limited focus on employees may be a problemin the long-run due to retention issues and resulting lack of quality.Poor business strategy – PepsiCo’s business strategies were working out very well for them except for in their international operations. The international segment had relatively low profit margins which meant that PepsiCo needed to implement a new organizational structure that would better utilize strategic fits between the company’s international operations Low Productivity – In 2008 PepsiCo had approximately 198,000 employees. Its revenue per employee was $219,439, which was lower than its competitors. This may indicate comparatively low productivity on the part of PepsiCo employees.Image Damage Due to Product Recall – Recently (2008) salmonella contamination forced PepsiCo to pull Aunt Jemima pancake and waffle mix from retail shelves. This followed incidents of exploding Diet Pepsi cans in 2007. Such occurrences damage company image and reduce consumer confidence in PepsiCo products.Conclusion and RecommendationOverall PepsiCo is a successful company with substantial revenue, and a large footprint in the marketplace. PepsiCo should continue to expand their growth and take advantage of potential opportunities by continuing to improve on areas at the corporate top level , in the markets that they currently are in, and in new markets and market segments that they wish to expand into and at last PepsiCo should become more proactive in the health food/product market place rather than being reactive to the market trends. They need to improve their responsiveness and future projections to market trends and changes that can therefore allude to different product segments and target markets.